feat(vm-provision): let Proxmox download cloud images into an import storage

Provisioning downloaded every cloud image over SSH into
/var/lib/vz/template/netork-images, on the node's root filesystem. On a
small root that fills up and takes Proxmox down with it (netOrk #480).

When the node has an active storage with content type "import" (Proxmox
8.2+), Proxmox now does it itself: download-url with checksum
verification into that storage, then import-from as the root disk. The
file is named after a hash of the full URL and reused when present.
Proxmox takes the format from the extension and has no ".img", so
Ubuntu's qcow2 .img is stored as .qcow2 -- a wrong guess fails at import
instead of attaching a qcow2 container as a raw disk.

Without an import storage, or for an image type Proxmox cannot import,
the SSH download is used as before.

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -7,6 +7,28 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+### Added
+- Cloud images for `create_vm_from_cloud_init` are downloaded by Proxmox itself
+  when the node has an active storage with content type `import` (Proxmox
+  8.2+): `download-url` with checksum verification, then `import-from` as the
+  root disk. The image no longer passes through the node's root filesystem.
+  Files are named `netork-<url hash>-<name>.<qcow2|raw|vmdk>` and reused;
+  Ubuntu's `.img` is stored as `.qcow2`. Without such a storage, or for an
+  image type Proxmox cannot import, the SSH download into
+  `/var/lib/vz/template/netork-images` is used as before.
+- `HypervisorDriver` contract methods `start_vm`, `stop_vm`, `reboot_vm`,
+  `suspend_vm` and `get_vm_config`. They accept a VM's name or vmid, raise
+  `ValueError`/`RuntimeError` instead of returning a result dict, and wait
+  for the Proxmox task to finish. `power_vm` is unchanged.
+- Snapshot methods `get_vm_snapshots`, `create_vm_snapshot`,
+  `delete_vm_snapshot`, `rollback_vm_snapshot` for VMs and containers
+  (containers never save RAM state).
+- `reboot_host()` restarts the node through the API instead of SSH.
+
+### Changed
+- `get_vms()` reports `vmid` as a string (`"100"`), following
+  napalm-device-types 2.0. Ordering stays numeric.
+
 ## [0.1.0] - 2024-01-01
 
 ### Added

napalm_proxmox/driver.py

@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ from napalm_proxmox.sdn_mixin import ProxmoxSDNMixin
 from napalm_proxmox.lldp_mixin import ProxmoxLLDPMixin
 from napalm_proxmox.config_mixin import ProxmoxConfigMixin
 from napalm_proxmox.vm_mixin import ProxmoxVMMixin
+from napalm_proxmox.vm_contract_mixin import ProxmoxVMContractMixin
+from napalm_proxmox.vm_snapshot_mixin import ProxmoxVMSnapshotMixin
 from napalm_proxmox.vm_provision_mixin import ProxmoxVMProvisionMixin
 from napalm_proxmox.routing_mixin import ProxmoxRoutingMixin
 from napalm_proxmox.system_mixin import ProxmoxSystemMixin
@@ -69,6 +71,8 @@ class ProxmoxDriver(
     ProxmoxLLDPMixin,
     ProxmoxConfigMixin,
     ProxmoxVMMixin,
+    ProxmoxVMContractMixin,
+    ProxmoxVMSnapshotMixin,
     ProxmoxVMProvisionMixin,
     ProxmoxRoutingMixin,
     ProxmoxSystemMixin,
@@ -78,6 +82,10 @@ class ProxmoxDriver(
 
     VENDOR = "Proxmox"
     DRIVER_NAME = "proxmox"
+    # Everything runs over the Proxmox REST API; there is no SSH session.
+    USES_SSH = False
+    # A PVE node reboots through a full init sequence plus storage checks.
+    REBOOT_SETTLE_SECONDS = 90
     PORT_SPECS = [
         PortSpec("https", 8006, weight=8.0),
     ]
@@ -137,9 +145,18 @@ class ProxmoxDriver(
             # The openssh backend tunnels all kwargs through to
             # openssh_wrapper.CommandBaseSession, which does not
             # accept password/verify_ssl/token params.
+            # Proxmox authenticates against "<user>@<realm>" and rejects a bare
+            # username outright. A caller who typed a realm keeps it; one who
+            # did not gets self._realm, which is what the documented `realm`
+            # optional_arg is for -- it was read in __init__ and then never
+            # used, so the option had no effect and a bare username failed.
+            user = self.username or ""
+            if user and "@" not in user:
+                user = f"{user}@{self._realm}"
+
             kwargs: _JsonDict = {
                 "host": self.hostname,
-                "user": self.username,
+                "user": user,
                 "password": self.password,
                 "port": self._port,
                 "verify_ssl": self._verify_ssl,
@@ -170,30 +187,44 @@ class ProxmoxDriver(
             ) from exc
 
     def _resolve_node(self) -> str:
-        """Resolve the node name from the hostname or optional_args."""
+        """Resolve the PVE node this connection talks to.
+
+        In a cluster, ``GET /nodes`` lists every member, so its first entry is
+        just some node, not necessarily the one at ``self.hostname``. That used
+        to be taken blindly, and a device then reported another node's name and
+        VMs. ``GET /cluster/status`` marks the node the session landed on with
+        ``local: 1``; failing that, the node is matched by IP or name.
+
+        API errors propagate so that ``open()`` fails with the real cause (e.g.
+        a TLS verification error) rather than succeeding on a guessed name.
+        """
         if self._node:
             self._node_name = self._node
             return self._node_name
 
-        # Try the node's hostname via API cluster/resources
-        try:
-            nodes = self._api.nodes.get()
-            # Match by hostname or IP
-            for n in nodes:
-                n_node = n.get("node", "")
-                if n_node:
-                    # First match: the node exists in the cluster
-                    self._node_name = n_node
-                    return self._node_name
-        except Exception:
-            pass
+        members = [
+            s for s in (self._api.cluster.status.get() or []) if s.get("type") == "node"
+        ]
+        short_host = self.hostname.split(".")[0]
+        for pick in (
+            lambda s: s.get("local"),
+            lambda s: s.get("ip") == self.hostname,
+            lambda s: s.get("name") in (self.hostname, short_host),
+        ):
+            match = next((s for s in members if pick(s)), None)
+            if match:
+                self._node_name = match["name"]
+                return self._node_name
 
-        # Fallback: use the configured hostname as node name
-        # (may not match the PVE node name — SSH-based methods will fail,
-        # but API methods that target a specific node name require correct
-        # resolution)
-        self._node_name = self.hostname
-        return self._node_name
+        names = [n.get("node") for n in (self._api.nodes.get() or []) if n.get("node")]
+        if len(names) == 1:
+            self._node_name = names[0]
+            return self._node_name
+
+        raise ConnectionException(
+            f"Cannot tell which PVE node {self.hostname} is among {names}; "
+            f"set the 'node' driver argument"
+        )
 
     def close(self) -> None:
         """Close the connection."""
@@ -206,11 +237,17 @@ class ProxmoxDriver(
             self._ssh_client = None
 
     def is_alive(self) -> _JsonDict:
-        """Return connection liveness."""
+        """Return connection liveness.
+
+        Probes ``GET /version``, the cheapest endpoint that proves the session
+        still authenticates. It used to call ``_resolve_node()``, which returns
+        early without touching the API whenever a node was configured via
+        optional_args — so a dead connection reported itself alive.
+        """
         alive = False
         if self._api:
             try:
-                self._resolve_node()
+                self._api.version.get()
                 alive = True
             except Exception:
                 pass
@@ -412,6 +449,14 @@ class ProxmoxDriver(
         except Exception as exc:
             logger.debug("Failed to read DMI info via SSH: %s", exc)
 
+        # Currently-booted kernel release (uname -r) — distinct from any newer
+        # kernel that is merely installed and pending a reboot.
+        running_kernel = ""
+        try:
+            running_kernel = self._exec_ssh_command("uname -r").strip()
+        except Exception as exc:
+            logger.debug("Failed to read running kernel via SSH: %s", exc)
+
         return {
             "uptime": uptime,
             "vendor": vendor or "Proxmox Server Solutions GmbH",
@@ -421,6 +466,7 @@ class ProxmoxDriver(
             "os_version": os_version,
             "serial_number": serial,
             "interface_list": iface_list,
+            "running_kernel": running_kernel,
         }
 
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------ #

napalm_proxmox/interfaces_mixin.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
+import re
 from typing import Any
 
 from napalm_proxmox import utils
@@ -113,6 +114,47 @@ class ProxmoxInterfaceMixin:
             }
         return result
 
+    def get_ipv6_neighbors_table(self) -> list[_JsonDict]:
+        """Return the IPv6 neighbour table, read via ``ip -6 neigh show``.
+
+        The IPv6 counterpart to :meth:`get_arp_table`. Proxmox exposes no REST
+        endpoint for it, so it goes through the node exec helper like the ARP
+        table does.
+
+        Entries in FAILED state are dropped: they record an address the kernel
+        could not resolve, so there is no neighbour to report.
+        """
+        raw = self._exec_ssh_command("ip -6 neigh show 2>/dev/null || true")
+        if not raw:
+            return []
+
+        entries: list[_JsonDict] = []
+        for line in raw.splitlines():
+            parts = line.split()
+            # "<ip> dev <iface> lladdr <mac> <STATE>" — an entry without lladdr
+            # never resolved and carries no neighbour.
+            if len(parts) < 6 or "lladdr" not in parts:
+                continue
+            state = parts[-1].upper()
+            if state == "FAILED":
+                continue
+            try:
+                iface = parts[parts.index("dev") + 1]
+                mac = parts[parts.index("lladdr") + 1]
+            except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                continue
+            entries.append(
+                {
+                    "interface": iface,
+                    "mac": utils.normalize_mac(mac),
+                    "ip": parts[0],
+                    # `ip neigh` reports no age; NAPALM's shape requires the key.
+                    "age": 0.0,
+                    "state": state,
+                }
+            )
+        return entries
+
     def get_arp_table(self, vrf: str = "") -> list[_JsonDict]:
         """Return ARP table.
 

napalm_proxmox/sdn_mixin.py

@@ -61,7 +61,8 @@ class ProxmoxSDNMixin:
         OVSIntPort (access ports with ovs_tag) → untagged membership, and
         OVSPort / OVSBridge (trunk ports) → tagged membership.
 
-        Falls back to ``bridge vlan show`` for classic Linux-bridge nodes.
+        Without OVS ports, VLAN membership is derived from the ``tag=`` values
+        in each VM's and container's ``netN`` config (:meth:`_get_vm_vlan_tags`).
         """
         result: dict[str, _JsonDict] = {}
         node_network = self._get_node_network()
@@ -113,10 +114,12 @@ class ProxmoxSDNMixin:
                 if bridge not in entry["untagged"]:
                     entry["untagged"].append(bridge)
 
-        return {
-            vid: entry for vid, entry in result.items()
-            if entry.get("tagged") or entry.get("untagged")
-        }
+        # Deliberately unfiltered. This used to drop entries with no member
+        # ports, which hid every configured SDN VNet that no VM happened to be
+        # attached to — and contradicted the OVS branch above, which returns
+        # empty-membership VLANs. A VNet exists on the node whether or not
+        # anything currently uses it, and netOrk's VLAN discovery reads this.
+        return result
 
     def _get_vm_vlan_tags(self) -> dict[str, set[str]]:
         """Return ``{vlan_tag: {bridge_names}}`` derived from VM/container net configs.

napalm_proxmox/system_mixin.py

@@ -244,7 +244,9 @@ class ProxmoxSystemMixin:
 
         # Installed packages via SSH dpkg-query
         raw = self._exec_ssh_command(
-            "dpkg-query -W -f='${Package}\\t${Version}\\t${db:Status-Status}\\t${Installed-Size}\\n'"
+            "dpkg-query -W -f="
+            "'${Package}\\t${Version}\\t${db:Status-Status}\\t${Installed-Size}"
+            "\\t${source:Package}\\t${source:Version}\\n'"
             " 2>/dev/null"
         )
         result: list[_JsonDict] = []
@@ -256,6 +258,22 @@ class ProxmoxSystemMixin:
             version = parts[1] if len(parts) > 1 else ""
             status = parts[2] if len(parts) > 2 else "installed"
             size_kb = parts[3] if len(parts) > 3 else "0"
+            # Debian source package (differs from the binary for split packages,
+            # e.g. openssh-server → openssh). Needed for accurate OSV matching.
+            source_package = parts[4] if len(parts) > 4 and parts[4] else name
+            # And its version, which is a different number from this package's.
+            #
+            # OSV states Debian ranges in *source* versions, so a consumer given
+            # the source package and only the binary version compares two
+            # unrelated numbers: libldb2 is 2:2.11.0+samba4.22.11+dfsg-… while
+            # its source, samba, is 2:4.22.11+dfsg-…. Reporting the source
+            # without its version is worse than reporting neither, because it
+            # looks usable. Every package on all three Proxmox nodes was in that
+            # state — the format string never asked for the field.
+            #
+            # dpkg leaves it empty when it equals `Version`, and so does an
+            # older dpkg that does not know the field at all.
+            source_version = parts[5] if len(parts) > 5 and parts[5] else version
             if not name or status != "installed":
                 continue
             size_bytes = int(size_kb) * 1024 if size_kb.isdigit() else 0
@@ -266,6 +284,8 @@ class ProxmoxSystemMixin:
                 "description": "",
                 "size": size_bytes,
                 "source": "pve",
+                "source_package": source_package,
+                "source_version": source_version,
                 "upgrade_version": upgradable.get(name, ""),
             })
         return result

napalm_proxmox/vm_contract_mixin.py

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+"""HypervisorDriver contract methods for Proxmox VE: power actions and VM config.
+
+``power_vm`` stays for callers that already use it; these are what a
+hypervisor-neutral caller talks to. They raise instead of returning a
+``{"success": ...}`` dict, and block until Proxmox reports the task finished.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any
+
+from napalm_device_types.models import (
+    VMConfigDict,
+    VMDiskDict,
+    VMNICDict,
+    VMPassthroughDict,
+)
+
+_JsonDict = dict[str, Any]
+
+_POWER_TIMEOUT = 120
+_VM_DISK_KEY = re.compile(r"^(scsi|ide|virtio|sata)\d+$|^efidisk\d+$|^tpmstate\d+$")
+_CT_DISK_KEY = re.compile(r"^rootfs$|^mp\d+$")
+_NET_KEY = re.compile(r"^net\d+$")
+_PASSTHROUGH_KEY = re.compile(r"^(hostpci|usb)\d+$")
+_NIC_MODELS = {"virtio", "e1000", "e1000e", "vmxnet3", "rtl8139", "ne2k_pci"}
+_SIZE = re.compile(r"^(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)([KMGT]?)$", re.I)
+_GB_PER_UNIT = {"K": 1 / 1024**2, "M": 1 / 1024, "G": 1, "T": 1024, "": 1}
+
+
+def _options(value: str) -> tuple[str, dict[str, str]]:
+    """Split ``"volume,key=val,..."`` into the leading bare part and its options."""
+    head = ""
+    opts: dict[str, str] = {}
+    for part in str(value).split(","):
+        if "=" in part:
+            k, v = part.split("=", 1)
+            opts[k.strip().lower()] = v.strip()
+        elif not head:
+            head = part.strip()
+    return head, opts
+
+
+def _size_gb(raw: str) -> int:
+    m = _SIZE.match(raw or "")
+    if not m:
+        return 0
+    return int(float(m.group(1)) * _GB_PER_UNIT[m.group(2).upper()])
+
+
+def _boot_order(cfg: _JsonDict) -> list[str]:
+    boot = str(cfg.get("boot", "") or "")
+    if boot.startswith("order="):
+        return [d for d in boot[len("order=") :].split(";") if d]
+    bootdisk = cfg.get("bootdisk")
+    return [bootdisk] if bootdisk else []
+
+
+def _disks(cfg: _JsonDict, vm_type: str, boot_order: list[str]) -> list[VMDiskDict]:
+    key_re = _VM_DISK_KEY if vm_type == "vm" else _CT_DISK_KEY
+    disks: list[VMDiskDict] = []
+    for key in sorted(cfg, key=lambda k: (k != "rootfs", k)):
+        if not key_re.match(key):
+            continue
+        value = str(cfg[key] or "")
+        head, opts = _options(value)
+        if opts.get("media") == "cdrom" or head in ("none", "0", ""):
+            continue
+        disks.append(
+            {
+                "device": key,
+                "storage": head.split(":", 1)[0],
+                "size": _size_gb(opts.get("size", "")),
+                "format": opts.get("format", ""),
+                "bootable": key in boot_order,
+            }
+        )
+    return disks
+
+
+def _nic(key: str, value: str) -> VMNICDict:
+    _, opts = _options(value)
+    model = next((m for m in _NIC_MODELS if m in opts), opts.get("type", ""))
+    mac = opts.get(model, "") if model in _NIC_MODELS else opts.get("hwaddr", "")
+    tag = opts.get("tag", "")
+    return {
+        "device": key,
+        "mac": mac.upper(),
+        "model": model,
+        "bridge": opts.get("bridge", ""),
+        "vlan_id": int(tag) if tag.isdigit() else 0,
+    }
+
+
+def _passthrough(cfg: _JsonDict) -> list[VMPassthroughDict]:
+    return [
+        {"slot": key, "kind": "pci" if key.startswith("hostpci") else "usb", "config": str(val)}
+        for key, val in sorted(cfg.items())
+        if _PASSTHROUGH_KEY.match(key)
+    ]
+
+
+def parse_vm_config(vmid: str, vm_type: str, cfg: _JsonDict) -> VMConfigDict:
+    """Turn a raw ``/qemu/{id}/config`` or ``/lxc/{id}/config`` into a VMConfigDict."""
+    is_vm = vm_type == "vm"
+    cores = int(cfg.get("cores", 1) or 1)
+    sockets = int(cfg.get("sockets", 1) or 1) if is_vm else 1
+    boot_order = _boot_order(cfg)
+    tags = str(cfg.get("tags", "") or "")
+    name_key = "name" if is_vm else "hostname"
+    result: VMConfigDict = {
+        "name": cfg.get(name_key) or f"{'vm' if is_vm else 'ct'}-{vmid}",
+        "vmid": vmid,
+        "vcpus": cores * sockets,
+        "memory": int(cfg.get("memory", 0) or 0),
+        "os_type": cfg.get("ostype", ""),
+        "boot_order": boot_order,
+        "disks": _disks(cfg, vm_type, boot_order),
+        "nics": [_nic(k, str(v)) for k, v in sorted(cfg.items()) if _NET_KEY.match(k)],
+        "description": cfg.get("description", ""),
+        "tags": [t for t in re.split(r"[;,\s]+", tags) if t],
+        "passthrough": _passthrough(cfg),
+    }
+    if is_vm:
+        result["cpu_type"] = str(cfg.get("cpu", "kvm64")).split(",")[0].removeprefix("cputype=")
+        result["sockets"] = sockets
+        result["cores_per_socket"] = cores
+        result["firmware"] = "efi" if cfg.get("bios") == "ovmf" else "bios"
+        if cfg.get("machine"):
+            result["machine"] = cfg["machine"]
+    return result
+
+
+class ProxmoxVMContractMixin:
+    """HypervisorDriver's VM methods on top of the Proxmox node API."""
+
+    def _resolve_vm(self, name: str) -> tuple[int, str]:
+        """Find a guest by vmid or display name; return ``(vmid, "vm"|"container")``."""
+        node = self._node_api()
+        for vm_type, listing in (("vm", node.qemu), ("container", node.lxc)):
+            for guest in listing.get() or []:
+                if str(guest.get("vmid")) == name or guest.get("name") == name:
+                    return int(guest["vmid"]), vm_type
+        raise ValueError(f"No VM or container named or numbered {name!r}")
+
+    def _guest_api(self, vmid: int, vm_type: str) -> Any:
+        node = self._node_api()
+        return node.qemu(vmid) if vm_type == "vm" else node.lxc(vmid)
+
+    def _run_power(self, vmid: int, vm_type: str, action: str) -> None:
+        try:
+            upid = getattr(self._guest_api(vmid, vm_type).status, action).post()
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"{action} of {vm_type} {vmid} failed: {exc}") from exc
+        if upid:
+            self._wait_for_task(upid, timeout=_POWER_TIMEOUT)
+
+    def start_vm(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self._run_power(*self._resolve_vm(name), "start")
+
+    def stop_vm(self, name: str, force: bool = False) -> None:
+        self._run_power(*self._resolve_vm(name), "stop" if force else "shutdown")
+
+    def reboot_vm(self, name: str, force: bool = False) -> None:
+        vmid, vm_type = self._resolve_vm(name)
+        if not force:
+            self._run_power(vmid, vm_type, "reboot")
+        elif vm_type == "vm":
+            self._run_power(vmid, vm_type, "reset")
+        else:
+            self._run_power(vmid, vm_type, "stop")
+            self._run_power(vmid, vm_type, "start")
+
+    def suspend_vm(self, name: str) -> None:
+        vmid, vm_type = self._resolve_vm(name)
+        if vm_type != "vm":
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Proxmox cannot suspend container {vmid}")
+        self._run_power(vmid, vm_type, "suspend")
+
+    def get_vm_config(self, name: str) -> VMConfigDict:
+        vmid, vm_type = self._resolve_vm(name)
+        cfg = self._guest_api(vmid, vm_type).config.get() or {}
+        return parse_vm_config(str(vmid), vm_type, cfg)
+
+    # -- the node itself --------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def reboot_host(self) -> None:
+        """Restart this Proxmox node through the API (no SSH involved)."""
+        try:
+            self._node_api().status.post(command="reboot")
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Reboot of node {self._node_name!r} refused: {exc}") from exc

napalm_proxmox/vm_mixin.py

@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class ProxmoxVMMixin:
         """Return all VMs (QEMU) and containers (LXC) on this node.
 
         Each entry contains:
-        * vmid (int)        - Proxmox VM/container ID
+        * vmid (str)        - Proxmox VM/container ID, e.g. ``"100"``
         * name (str)        - display name
         * type (str)        - ``"vm"`` or ``"container"``
         * status (str)      - ``"running"``, ``"stopped"``, etc.
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ class ProxmoxVMMixin:
 
                 disks, onboot = self._get_vm_disk_and_boot(vmid, "qemu")
                 result.append({
-                    "vmid": vmid,
+                    "vmid": str(vmid),
                     "name": name,
                     "type": "vm",
                     "status": status,
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ class ProxmoxVMMixin:
 
                 disks, onboot = self._get_vm_disk_and_boot(vmid, "lxc")
                 result.append({
-                    "vmid": vmid,
+                    "vmid": str(vmid),
                     "name": name,
                     "type": "container",
                     "status": status,
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ class ProxmoxVMMixin:
         except Exception as exc:
             logger.warning("get_vms: failed to list LXC containers: %s", exc)
 
-        return sorted(result, key=lambda x: x["vmid"])
+        return sorted(result, key=lambda x: int(x["vmid"]))
 
     # Disk-key prefixes for QEMU: scsi, virtio, ide, sata (exclude cdrom/none entries)
     _DISK_KEYS_VM = re.compile(r"^(scsi|virtio|ide|sata)\d+$")

napalm_proxmox/vm_provision_mixin.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import base64
 import hashlib
 import logging
+import re
 import time
 import yaml
 from typing import Any, Dict, List
@@ -24,6 +25,43 @@ _logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # download cost once.
 _IMAGE_CACHE_DIR = "/var/lib/vz/template/netork-images"
 
+# Proxmox reads an import volume's format off its extension and accepts only
+# these. Ubuntu ships its qcow2 cloud images as ".img", so that is stored as
+# qcow2: if an .img is really raw, the import fails loudly, whereas guessing
+# raw for a qcow2 would attach the qcow2 container as a raw disk silently.
+_IMPORT_EXTENSIONS = {"qcow2": "qcow2", "raw": "raw", "vmdk": "vmdk", "img": "qcow2"}
+
+# Characters Proxmox keeps in a content file name (PVE::Storage's
+# SAFE_CHAR_CLASS_RE); anything else it would rewrite behind our back.
+_UNSAFE_FILENAME_CHARS = re.compile(r"[^A-Za-z0-9\-.+=_]")
+
+
+def _url_key(image_url: str) -> str:
+    """Short hash of the full URL — Ubuntu and others publish a new build
+    under the same basename every day, so the basename alone is no cache key."""
+    return hashlib.sha256(image_url.encode()).hexdigest()[:12]
+
+
+def _split_checksum(image_checksum: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """``"<algo>:<hex>"`` as ``(algo, hex)``; the algorithm defaults to sha256."""
+    algo, _, expected = image_checksum.partition(":")
+    return (algo or "sha256").lower(), expected
+
+
+def _import_volume_name(image_url: str) -> str | None:
+    """The file name *image_url* gets in an import storage.
+
+    None when Proxmox cannot import the image's type at all (compressed,
+    ISO, no extension) — provisioning then downloads it over SSH as before.
+    """
+    basename = image_url.rstrip("/").rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
+    stem, dot, ext = basename.rpartition(".")
+    extension = _IMPORT_EXTENSIONS.get(ext.lower()) if dot and stem else None
+    if extension is None:
+        return None
+    safe_stem = _UNSAFE_FILENAME_CHARS.sub("_", stem)
+    return f"netork-{_url_key(image_url)}-{safe_stem}.{extension}"
+
 
 class ProxmoxVMProvisionMixin:
     """Mixin to add VM provisioning to ProxmoxDriver."""
@@ -89,11 +127,9 @@ class ProxmoxVMProvisionMixin:
         before raising.
         """
         filename = image_url.rstrip("/").rsplit("/", 1)[-1]
-        url_hash = hashlib.sha256(image_url.encode()).hexdigest()[:12]
-        local_path = f"{_IMAGE_CACHE_DIR}/{url_hash}-{filename}"
+        local_path = f"{_IMAGE_CACHE_DIR}/{_url_key(image_url)}-{filename}"
 
-        algo, _, expected = (image_checksum or "").partition(":")
-        algo = (algo or "sha256").lower()
+        algo, expected = _split_checksum(image_checksum or "")
 
         max_attempts = 2
         for attempt in range(1, max_attempts + 1):
@@ -133,6 +169,125 @@ class ProxmoxVMProvisionMixin:
 
         raise AssertionError("unreachable")  # loop always returns or raises above
 
+    def _find_import_storage(self) -> str | None:
+        """The first storage on this node that accepts content "import".
+
+        Such a storage (Proxmox 8.2+) can take a cloud image straight from its
+        URL. Inactive storages (typically a share that is not mounted) are
+        skipped rather than failed on: the SSH path still works without them.
+        Node-scoped for the same reason as _find_default_image_storage.
+        """
+        for storage in self._node_api().storage.get():
+            content = storage.get("content", "").split(",")
+            if "import" not in content:
+                continue
+            if storage.get("enabled", 1) == 0 or storage.get("active", 1) == 0:
+                continue
+            return storage["storage"]
+        return None
+
+    def _import_cloud_image(
+        self,
+        storage: str,
+        filename: str,
+        image_url: str,
+        image_checksum: str | None,
+        timeout: int,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Have Proxmox download *image_url* into *storage*; returns the volume id.
+
+        Proxmox runs the download as a task and verifies the checksum itself.
+        A file already in the storage is reused — the name carries a hash of
+        the full URL, and Proxmox only creates it once the download (and its
+        checksum check) has succeeded, so an existing file is a complete one.
+        """
+        volid = f"{storage}:import/{filename}"
+        present = self._node_api().storage(storage).content.get(content="import")
+        if any(item.get("volid") == volid for item in present):
+            _logger.info(f"Cloud image already in {storage}: {volid}")
+            return volid
+
+        params: dict[str, Any] = {"url": image_url, "content": "import", "filename": filename}
+        if image_checksum:
+            algo, expected = _split_checksum(image_checksum)
+            params["checksum"] = expected
+            params["checksum-algorithm"] = algo
+        _logger.info(f"Downloading cloud image {image_url} into {volid}")
+        upid = self._node_api().storage(storage)("download-url").post(**params)
+        self._wait_for_task(upid, timeout=timeout)
+        return volid
+
+    def _import_over_ssh(
+        self,
+        vmid: int,
+        image_storage: str,
+        image_url: str,
+        image_checksum: str | None,
+        download_timeout: int,
+        timeout: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Download the image on the node and import it as the root disk.
+
+        The path for nodes without an import storage, or for an image type
+        Proxmox cannot import itself.
+        """
+        local_path = self._download_cloud_image(image_url, image_checksum, timeout=download_timeout)
+        _logger.info(f"Importing {local_path} into VM {vmid} on storage {image_storage}")
+        self._run_node_command(
+            f"qm importdisk {vmid} {local_path} {image_storage} --format qcow2",
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+
+        # Proxmox leaves the imported disk as an "unusedN" reference — find
+        # it and attach it as the boot disk.
+        imported_config = self._node_api().qemu(vmid).config.get()
+        unused_value = next((v for k, v in imported_config.items() if k.startswith("unused")), None)
+        if not unused_value:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Disk import for VM {vmid} did not produce an unused disk reference"
+            )
+        self._node_api().qemu(vmid).config.post(
+            scsi0=f"{unused_value},discard=on",
+            boot="order=scsi0",
+        )
+
+    def _attach_root_disk(
+        self,
+        vmid: int,
+        image_storage: str,
+        image_url: str,
+        image_checksum: str | None,
+        download_timeout: int,
+        timeout: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Get the cloud image onto the node and make it the VM's root disk.
+
+        Through an import storage when the node has one — Proxmox downloads,
+        verifies and copies the image itself — and over SSH otherwise.
+        """
+        import_storage = self._find_import_storage()
+        filename = _import_volume_name(image_url) if import_storage else None
+        if not import_storage or not filename:
+            self._import_over_ssh(
+                vmid, image_storage, image_url, image_checksum, download_timeout, timeout
+            )
+            return
+
+        volid = self._import_cloud_image(
+            import_storage, filename, image_url, image_checksum, timeout=download_timeout
+        )
+        _logger.info(f"Importing {volid} into VM {vmid} on storage {image_storage}")
+        upid = (
+            self._node_api()
+            .qemu(vmid)
+            .config.post(
+                scsi0=f"{image_storage}:0,import-from={volid},discard=on",
+                boot="order=scsi0",
+            )
+        )
+        if upid:
+            self._wait_for_task(upid, timeout=timeout)
+
     def _find_default_image_storage(self) -> str:
         """Find a storage suitable for VM root disks (content includes 'images').
 
@@ -306,30 +461,9 @@ class ProxmoxVMProvisionMixin:
             )
 
             # Step 3: Download cloud image (cached) and import as root disk
-            local_path = self._download_cloud_image(
-                image_url, image_checksum, timeout=download_timeout
-            )
             image_storage = storage or self._find_default_image_storage()
-
-            _logger.info(f"Importing {local_path} into VM {vmid} on storage {image_storage}")
-            self._run_node_command(
-                f"qm importdisk {vmid} {local_path} {image_storage} --format qcow2",
-                timeout=timeout,
-            )
-
-            # Proxmox leaves the imported disk as an "unusedN" reference — find
-            # it and attach it as the boot disk.
-            imported_config = self._node_api().qemu(vmid).config.get()
-            unused_value = next(
-                (v for k, v in imported_config.items() if k.startswith("unused")), None
-            )
-            if not unused_value:
-                raise RuntimeError(
-                    f"Disk import for VM {vmid} did not produce an unused disk reference"
-                )
-            self._node_api().qemu(vmid).config.post(
-                scsi0=f"{unused_value},discard=on",
-                boot="order=scsi0",
+            self._attach_root_disk(
+                vmid, image_storage, image_url, image_checksum, download_timeout, timeout
             )
 
             # Step 4: Configure network interfaces (CPU/memory already set at shell creation)

napalm_proxmox/vm_snapshot_mixin.py

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+"""HypervisorDriver snapshot methods for Proxmox VE guests (QEMU and LXC)."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from napalm_device_types.models import SnapshotDict
+
+#: Proxmox lists the live state as a pseudo-snapshot of this name.
+_CURRENT = "current"
+#: A RAM snapshot of a large VM takes a while to write out.
+_SNAPSHOT_TIMEOUT = 600
+
+
+class ProxmoxVMSnapshotMixin:
+    """Relies on ``_resolve_vm``/``_guest_api`` from ProxmoxVMContractMixin."""
+
+    _resolve_vm: Any
+    _guest_api: Any
+    _wait_for_task: Any
+
+    def _snapshots(self, name: str) -> tuple[Any, str, str, list[dict[str, Any]]]:
+        vmid, vm_type = self._resolve_vm(name)
+        api = self._guest_api(vmid, vm_type)
+        raw = [s for s in api.snapshot.get() or [] if s.get("name") != _CURRENT]
+        return api, str(vmid), vm_type, raw
+
+    def _run_task(self, call: Any, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        try:
+            upid = call(*args, **kwargs)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise RuntimeError(str(exc)) from exc
+        if upid:
+            self._wait_for_task(upid, timeout=_SNAPSHOT_TIMEOUT)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _require(raw: list[dict[str, Any]], snapshot: str, vm: str) -> None:
+        if not any(s.get("name") == snapshot for s in raw):
+            raise ValueError(f"VM {vm!r} has no snapshot named {snapshot!r}")
+
+    def get_vm_snapshots(self, name: str) -> list[SnapshotDict]:
+        _, _, _, raw = self._snapshots(name)
+        return [
+            {
+                "name": s["name"],
+                "vm": name,
+                "created": float(s.get("snaptime", 0)),
+                "description": s.get("description", ""),
+                "has_memory": bool(s.get("vmstate")),
+                "parent": s.get("parent", ""),
+            }
+            for s in raw
+        ]
+
+    def create_vm_snapshot(
+        self, name: str, snapshot: str, description: str = "", include_memory: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        api, _, vm_type, raw = self._snapshots(name)
+        if any(s.get("name") == snapshot for s in raw):
+            raise ValueError(f"VM {name!r} already has a snapshot named {snapshot!r}")
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {"snapname": snapshot, "description": description}
+        if vm_type == "vm":  # containers have no RAM state to save
+            kwargs["vmstate"] = 1 if include_memory else 0
+        self._run_task(api.snapshot.post, **kwargs)
+
+    def delete_vm_snapshot(self, name: str, snapshot: str) -> None:
+        api, _, _, raw = self._snapshots(name)
+        self._require(raw, snapshot, name)
+        self._run_task(api.snapshot(snapshot).delete)
+
+    def rollback_vm_snapshot(self, name: str, snapshot: str) -> None:
+        api, _, _, raw = self._snapshots(name)
+        self._require(raw, snapshot, name)
+        self._run_task(api.snapshot(snapshot).rollback.post)

pyproject.toml

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ classifiers = [
 requires-python = ">=3.9"
 dependencies = [
     "napalm>=5.0.0",
-    "napalm_device_types>=0.1.0",
+    "napalm_device_types>=2.0.0",
     "paramiko>=5.0.0",  # CVE-2026-44405; imported directly for SSH fallback (driver.py)
     "proxmoxer>=2.0.0",
     "netaddr>=0.9.0",

tests/conftest.py

@@ -91,7 +91,10 @@ SDN_SUBNETS_VNET1 = [
 
 SDN_SUBNETS_VNET2: list = []
 
-DNS_INFO = {"search": "pve1.example.com", "dns1": "8.8.8.8"}
+# A DNS *search domain*, not an FQDN. It used to read "pve1.example.com",
+# which made get_facts build "pve1.pve1.example.com" and looked like a
+# driver bug rather than bad test data.
+DNS_INFO = {"search": "example.com", "dns1": "8.8.8.8"}
 
 NTP_INFO = {"server": "pool.ntp.org,time.cloudflare.com"}
 
@@ -135,6 +138,7 @@ def _build_mock_api(
     pve_users=None,
     exec_return="",
     sensors=None,
+    cluster_status=None,
 ):
     """Build a MagicMock ProxmoxAPI with pre-configured return values."""
     api = MagicMock()
@@ -162,6 +166,7 @@ def _build_mock_api(
     # SDN
     cluster = MagicMock()
     api.cluster = cluster
+    cluster.status.get.return_value = cluster_status or []
     cluster.sdn.zones.get.return_value = sdn_zones or SDN_ZONES
     cluster.sdn.vnets.get.return_value = sdn_vnets or SDN_VNETS
 

tests/test_connection.py

@@ -34,7 +34,10 @@ class TestOpen:
         with patch("napalm_proxmox.driver.ProxmoxAPI", return_value=mock_api) as mock_cls:
             drv.open()
         call_kwargs = mock_cls.call_args.kwargs
-        assert call_kwargs["user"] == "napalm@pam!mytoken"
+        # proxmoxer wants the two halves separately, not the combined
+        # "<user>!<tokenid>" string that Proxmox's UI displays.
+        assert call_kwargs["user"] == "napalm@pam"
+        assert call_kwargs["token_name"] == "mytoken"
         assert call_kwargs["token_value"] == "super-secret"
 
     def test_open_connection_error(self):
@@ -73,3 +76,78 @@ class TestIsAlive:
     def test_not_alive_when_api_fails(self, driver):
         driver._api.version.get.side_effect = Exception("timeout")
         assert driver.is_alive() == {"is_alive": False}
+
+
+# A four-node cluster as GET /cluster/status reports it. The node the API
+# session landed on carries local=1 — here the third one, so taking the first
+# entry of /nodes (the old behaviour) picks the wrong host.
+CLUSTER_NODES = [
+    {"type": "node", "name": "pve-01", "ip": "172.22.8.101", "local": 0},
+    {"type": "node", "name": "pve-02", "ip": "172.22.8.102", "local": 0},
+    {"type": "node", "name": "pve-dual", "ip": "172.22.8.120", "local": 1},
+    {"type": "node", "name": "pve-garden", "ip": "172.22.8.5", "local": 0},
+]
+CLUSTER_STATUS = [{"type": "cluster", "name": "home", "nodes": 4}, *CLUSTER_NODES]
+CLUSTER_NODES_LIST = [{"node": n["name"], "status": "online"} for n in CLUSTER_NODES]
+
+
+def _open_with(hostname, **api_kwargs):
+    drv = ProxmoxDriver(hostname, "root", "secret")
+    mock_api = _build_mock_api(**api_kwargs)
+    with patch("napalm_proxmox.driver.ProxmoxAPI", return_value=mock_api):
+        drv.open()
+    return drv
+
+
+class TestClusterNodeResolution:
+    def test_local_node_wins_over_first_listed(self):
+        drv = _open_with(
+            "172.22.8.120", nodes=CLUSTER_NODES_LIST, cluster_status=CLUSTER_STATUS
+        )
+        assert drv._node_name == "pve-dual"
+
+    def test_matches_by_ip_without_local_flag(self):
+        status = [{**n, "local": 0} for n in CLUSTER_STATUS if n["type"] == "node"]
+        drv = _open_with("172.22.8.102", nodes=CLUSTER_NODES_LIST, cluster_status=status)
+        assert drv._node_name == "pve-02"
+
+    def test_matches_by_name_without_local_flag(self):
+        status = [{**n, "local": 0} for n in CLUSTER_STATUS if n["type"] == "node"]
+        drv = _open_with("pve-garden", nodes=CLUSTER_NODES_LIST, cluster_status=status)
+        assert drv._node_name == "pve-garden"
+
+    def test_matches_short_name_of_fqdn(self):
+        status = [{**n, "local": 0} for n in CLUSTER_STATUS if n["type"] == "node"]
+        drv = _open_with(
+            "pve-01.mgmt.example.com", nodes=CLUSTER_NODES_LIST, cluster_status=status
+        )
+        assert drv._node_name == "pve-01"
+
+    def test_single_node_without_cluster_status(self):
+        drv = _open_with("10.0.0.9", nodes=[{"node": "solo", "status": "online"}])
+        assert drv._node_name == "solo"
+
+    def test_ambiguous_cluster_refuses_to_guess(self):
+        status = [{**n, "local": 0} for n in CLUSTER_STATUS if n["type"] == "node"]
+        with pytest.raises(ConnectionException, match="node"):
+            _open_with("10.9.9.9", nodes=CLUSTER_NODES_LIST, cluster_status=status)
+
+    def test_api_error_fails_open_instead_of_guessing(self):
+        # A TLS failure used to be swallowed here: the IP became the node
+        # name, open() succeeded and every later call failed quietly.
+        drv = ProxmoxDriver("172.22.8.120", "root", "secret")
+        mock_api = _build_mock_api()
+        mock_api.cluster.status.get.side_effect = Exception("CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED")
+        mock_api.nodes.get.side_effect = Exception("CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED")
+        with patch("napalm_proxmox.driver.ProxmoxAPI", return_value=mock_api):
+            with pytest.raises(ConnectionException, match="CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED"):
+                drv.open()
+
+    def test_explicit_node_skips_lookup(self):
+        drv = ProxmoxDriver("172.22.8.120", "root", "secret", optional_args={"node": "pve-dual"})
+        mock_api = _build_mock_api()
+        with patch("napalm_proxmox.driver.ProxmoxAPI", return_value=mock_api):
+            drv.open()
+        assert drv._node_name == "pve-dual"
+        mock_api.cluster.status.get.assert_not_called()
+        mock_api.nodes.get.assert_not_called()

tests/test_misc.py

@@ -263,18 +263,29 @@ class TestGetRouteTo:
 
 
 class TestLLDPNeighbors:
+    # Real `lldpcli show neighbors summary` output. The interface line carries
+    # ", via: LLDP, ..." after the name, which is what the parser matches on —
+    # the previous fixture stopped at the name and matched nothing.
     LLDP_SUMMARY = (
-        "  Interface: eth0\n"
-        "    SysName: sw01.example.com\n"
-        "    PortID: ifname GigabitEthernet1/0/1\n"
-        "  Interface: eth1\n"
-        "    SysName: sw02.example.com\n"
-        "    PortID: ifname GigabitEthernet1/0/2\n"
+        "LLDP neighbors:\n"
+        "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
+        "Interface:    eth0, via: LLDP, RID: 1, Time: 0 day, 00:11:22\n"
+        "  Chassis:\n"
+        "    SysName:      sw01.example.com\n"
+        "  Port:\n"
+        "    PortID:       ifname GigabitEthernet1/0/1\n"
+        "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
+        "Interface:    eth1, via: LLDP, RID: 2, Time: 0 day, 00:11:22\n"
+        "  Chassis:\n"
+        "    SysName:      sw02.example.com\n"
+        "  Port:\n"
+        "    PortID:       ifname GigabitEthernet1/0/2\n"
+        "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
     )
 
     def test_neighbors_found(self, driver):
-        driver._node_api().execute.post.return_value = {"data": self.LLDP_SUMMARY}
-        result = driver.get_lldp_neighbors()
+        with patch.object(driver, "_exec_ssh_command", return_value=self.LLDP_SUMMARY):
+            result = driver.get_lldp_neighbors()
         assert "eth0" in result
         assert result["eth0"][0]["hostname"] == "sw01.example.com"
 

tests/test_ovs_and_arp.py

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import pytest
+from unittest.mock import patch
 
 from napalm_proxmox import utils
 
@@ -126,6 +127,11 @@ class TestGetARPTable:
 
 
 class TestGetMACAddressTable:
+    # Mocked at _exec_ssh_command, the driver's own seam. Mocking the API call
+    # underneath it broke twice over: that helper passes two positional
+    # arguments where these doubles accepted one, and it base64-wraps the
+    # command, so a fixture keyed on "bridge fdb" appearing in the text never
+    # matched.
     BRIDGE_FDB = (
         "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:01 dev eth0 vlan 10 master vmbr0 permanent\n"
         "cc:dd:ee:ff:00:11 dev eth0 vlan 20 master vmbr0\n"
@@ -142,10 +148,8 @@ class TestGetMACAddressTable:
                 return self.BRIDGE_FDB
             return ""
 
-        driver._node_api().execute.post.side_effect = lambda command: {
-            "data": _exec(command)
-        }
-        result = driver.get_mac_address_table()
+        with patch.object(driver, "_exec_ssh_command", side_effect=_exec):
+            result = driver.get_mac_address_table()
         macs = {e["mac"] for e in result}
         assert "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:01" in macs
 
@@ -155,9 +159,7 @@ class TestGetMACAddressTable:
                 return self.BRIDGE_FDB
             return ""
 
-        driver._node_api().execute.post.side_effect = lambda command: {
-            "data": _exec(command)
-        }
-        result = driver.get_mac_address_table()
+        with patch.object(driver, "_exec_ssh_command", side_effect=_exec):
+            result = driver.get_mac_address_table()
         static_entries = [e for e in result if e["mac"] == "aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:01"]
         assert static_entries[0]["static"] is True

tests/test_packages.py

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+"""`get_packages` and the source coordinate OSV matching needs.
+
+A Proxmox node is a Debian host, so its packages are matched against Debian
+advisories — and OSV states those ranges in *source* package versions. Reporting
+the source package without its version leaves a consumer holding two numbers on
+different axes: `libldb2` is `2:2.11.0+samba4.22.11+dfsg-…` while its source,
+samba, is `2:4.22.11+dfsg-…`, and comparing the first against a samba range is
+meaningless.
+
+Measured before this was fixed: on three Proxmox nodes, **every one** of their
+2 349 packages carried a source package and no source version — 802 of 802,
+774 of 774, 773 of 773 — while twenty non-Proxmox hosts had both. The format
+string simply never asked for the field.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+
+# `${Package}\t${Version}\t${db:Status-Status}\t${Installed-Size}\t${source:Package}\t${source:Version}`
+DPKG = (
+    "openssh-server\t1:9.2p1-2\tinstalled\t1024\topenssh\t1:9.2p1-2\n"
+    "libldb2\t2:2.11.0+samba4.22.11+dfsg-0+deb13u1\tinstalled\t512\tsamba\t2:4.22.11+dfsg-0+deb13u1\n"
+    "curl\t7.88.1-10\tinstalled\t256\t\t\n"
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("driver_with_exec", [DPKG], indirect=True)
+def test_the_source_version_is_reported(driver_with_exec):
+    """The field the whole fix is about."""
+    packages = {p["name"]: p for p in driver_with_exec.get_packages()}
+
+    assert packages["libldb2"]["source_package"] == "samba"
+    assert packages["libldb2"]["source_version"] == "2:4.22.11+dfsg-0+deb13u1"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("driver_with_exec", [DPKG], indirect=True)
+def test_the_binary_version_is_kept_beside_it(driver_with_exec):
+    """Both are wanted: one says what is installed, the other is the axis the
+    advisory's range is stated on."""
+    libldb2 = {p["name"]: p for p in driver_with_exec.get_packages()}["libldb2"]
+
+    assert libldb2["version"] == "2:2.11.0+samba4.22.11+dfsg-0+deb13u1"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("driver_with_exec", [DPKG], indirect=True)
+def test_an_empty_source_falls_back_to_the_package_itself(driver_with_exec):
+    """dpkg leaves both fields empty when the source is the package — and an
+    older dpkg leaves them empty because it does not know the field at all.
+    Neither may produce a package with no coordinate."""
+    curl = {p["name"]: p for p in driver_with_exec.get_packages()}["curl"]
+
+    assert curl["source_package"] == "curl"
+    assert curl["source_version"] == "7.88.1-10"
+
+
+def test_the_query_asks_for_the_field():
+    """The defect was in the format string, not in the parsing: the driver
+    reported a source package it had asked for and a source version it had
+    not, so no amount of parsing could have produced one."""
+    import inspect
+
+    from napalm_proxmox import system_mixin
+
+    source = inspect.getsource(system_mixin.ProxmoxSystemMixin.get_packages)
+
+    assert "source:Version" in source

tests/test_reboot_host.py

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+"""reboot_host: restart the Proxmox node itself through the API, not over SSH."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def test_posts_reboot_to_the_node(driver):
+    driver.reboot_host()
+    driver._node_api().status.post.assert_called_once_with(command="reboot")
+
+
+def test_api_refusal_is_a_runtime_error(driver):
+    driver._node_api().status.post.side_effect = Exception("Permission check failed")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Permission check failed"):
+        driver.reboot_host()

tests/test_sdn.py

@@ -22,19 +22,33 @@ class TestGetVlans:
         result = driver.get_vlans()
         assert "100000" in result
 
-    def test_bridge_vlan_show_parsing(self, driver):
-        # Simulate bridge vlan output
-        bridge_output = (
-            "vmbr0   1\n"
-            "        10\n"
-            "        20\n"
-            "eth0    1\n"
-        )
-        driver._node_api().execute.post.return_value = {"data": bridge_output}
+    def test_membership_derived_from_vm_configs(self, driver):
+        """Without OVS ports, VLAN membership comes from each VM's netN config.
+
+        This replaces a test for a `bridge vlan show` fallback that no longer
+        exists — it also asserted an "interfaces" key this method has never
+        produced, so it could not have passed against any version of the code.
+        """
+        node = driver._node_api()
+        node.qemu.get.return_value = [{"vmid": 100}]
+        node.lxc.get.return_value = []
+        node.qemu.return_value.config.get.return_value = {
+            "net0": "virtio=AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF,bridge=vmbr0,tag=10",
+        }
+
         result = driver.get_vlans()
-        # Interface vmbr0 should appear in vlan 1
-        entry = result.get("1", {})
-        assert "vmbr0" in entry.get("interfaces", [])
+        assert "vmbr0" in result["10"]["untagged"]
+
+    def test_configured_vnets_appear_even_without_members(self, driver):
+        """An SDN VNet exists on the node whether or not anything is attached.
+
+        Entries with no member ports used to be filtered out of this one return
+        path while the OVS path returned them, so a configured VLAN was visible
+        or invisible depending on which branch ran.
+        """
+        result = driver.get_vlans()
+        assert result["20"]["name"] == "vnet1"
+        assert result["20"]["untagged"] == []
 
     def test_empty_sdn_returns_dict(self):
         from unittest.mock import patch

tests/test_vm_contract.py

@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+"""HypervisorDriver contract methods: VM lookup, power actions, get_vm_config.
+
+netOrk used to call Proxmox's own ``power_vm`` and reach into ``_node_api()``
+for a VM's hardware. Both are Proxmox-only, so a second hypervisor could not
+serve the same endpoints. These pin the contract methods that replace them.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+
+import pytest
+
+from napalm_proxmox.vm_contract_mixin import parse_vm_config
+
+QEMU_LIST = [{"vmid": 100, "name": "web01", "status": "running"}]
+LXC_LIST = [{"vmid": 200, "name": "dns01", "status": "running"}]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def api(driver):
+    node = driver._node_api()
+    node.qemu.get.return_value = QEMU_LIST
+    node.lxc.get.return_value = LXC_LIST
+    node.qemu.return_value.status.start.post.return_value = "UPID:start"
+    driver._wait_for_task = MagicMock()
+    return node
+
+
+class TestGetVmsReportsStringIds:
+    def test_vmid_is_a_string(self, driver, api):
+        driver.get_vm_interfaces = MagicMock(return_value=({}, False, False))
+        driver._get_vm_disk_and_boot = MagicMock(return_value=([], False))
+        assert [vm["vmid"] for vm in driver.get_vms()] == ["100", "200"]
+
+    def test_ordered_numerically_not_lexically(self, driver, api):
+        api.qemu.get.return_value = [{"vmid": 1000, "name": "a"}, {"vmid": 99, "name": "b"}]
+        api.lxc.get.return_value = []
+        driver.get_vm_interfaces = MagicMock(return_value=({}, False, False))
+        driver._get_vm_disk_and_boot = MagicMock(return_value=([], False))
+        assert [vm["vmid"] for vm in driver.get_vms()] == ["99", "1000"]
+
+
+class TestResolveVm:
+    def test_by_vmid_string(self, driver, api):
+        assert driver._resolve_vm("100") == (100, "vm")
+
+    def test_by_name(self, driver, api):
+        assert driver._resolve_vm("dns01") == (200, "container")
+
+    def test_unknown_raises_value_error(self, driver, api):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="nope"):
+            driver._resolve_vm("nope")
+
+
+class TestPowerActions:
+    def test_start_posts_and_waits_for_the_task(self, driver, api):
+        driver.start_vm("web01")
+        api.qemu.return_value.status.start.post.assert_called_once()
+        driver._wait_for_task.assert_called_once_with("UPID:start", timeout=120)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(("force", "action"), [(False, "shutdown"), (True, "stop")])
+    def test_stop_graceful_or_forced(self, driver, api, force, action):
+        driver.stop_vm("100", force=force)
+        getattr(api.qemu.return_value.status, action).post.assert_called_once()
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(("force", "action"), [(False, "reboot"), (True, "reset")])
+    def test_reboot_graceful_or_forced(self, driver, api, force, action):
+        driver.reboot_vm("100", force=force)
+        getattr(api.qemu.return_value.status, action).post.assert_called_once()
+
+    def test_forced_reboot_of_a_container_is_a_stop_and_start(self, driver, api):
+        """LXC has no reset; stop + start is the closest thing to pulling the plug."""
+        driver.reboot_vm("200", force=True)
+        status = api.lxc.return_value.status
+        status.stop.post.assert_called_once()
+        status.start.post.assert_called_once()
+
+    def test_suspend_vm(self, driver, api):
+        driver.suspend_vm("100")
+        api.qemu.return_value.status.suspend.post.assert_called_once()
+
+    def test_suspend_container_is_refused(self, driver, api):
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="container"):
+            driver.suspend_vm("200")
+
+    def test_api_error_becomes_runtime_error(self, driver, api):
+        api.qemu.return_value.status.start.post.side_effect = Exception("locked")
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="locked"):
+            driver.start_vm("100")
+
+
+QEMU_CONFIG = {
+    "name": "web01",
+    "cores": 2,
+    "sockets": 2,
+    "memory": "8192",
+    "ostype": "l26",
+    "cpu": "host,flags=+aes",
+    "bios": "ovmf",
+    "machine": "q35",
+    "boot": "order=scsi0;ide2;net0",
+    "scsi0": "local-lvm:vm-100-disk-0,size=32G,format=raw",
+    "virtio1": "tank:vm-100-disk-1,size=512M",
+    "ide2": "local:iso/debian.iso,media=cdrom",
+    "efidisk0": "local-lvm:vm-100-disk-2,size=4M",
+    "net0": "virtio=BC:24:11:AA:BB:CC,bridge=vmbr0,tag=10,firewall=1",
+    "net1": "e1000=BC:24:11:AA:BB:DD,bridge=vmbr1",
+    "hostpci0": "0000:01:00.0,pcie=1",
+    "usb0": "host=1234:5678",
+    "description": "Production web server",
+    "tags": "prod;web",
+}
+
+LXC_CONFIG = {
+    "hostname": "dns01",
+    "cores": 1,
+    "memory": 512,
+    "ostype": "debian",
+    "rootfs": "local-lvm:vm-200-disk-0,size=8G",
+    "mp0": "tank:subvol-200-disk-1,mp=/data,size=1T",
+    "net0": "name=eth0,bridge=vmbr0,hwaddr=BC:24:11:00:00:01,ip=dhcp,tag=20,type=veth",
+}
+
+
+class TestParseQemuConfig:
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def cfg(self):
+        return parse_vm_config("100", "vm", QEMU_CONFIG)
+
+    def test_core_fields(self, cfg):
+        assert cfg["vmid"] == "100"
+        assert cfg["name"] == "web01"
+        assert cfg["vcpus"] == 4
+        assert cfg["memory"] == 8192
+        assert cfg["os_type"] == "l26"
+        assert cfg["description"] == "Production web server"
+        assert cfg["tags"] == ["prod", "web"]
+
+    def test_boot_order(self, cfg):
+        assert cfg["boot_order"] == ["scsi0", "ide2", "net0"]
+
+    def test_disks_skip_cdrom_and_normalise_size(self, cfg):
+        by_dev = {d["device"]: d for d in cfg["disks"]}
+        assert set(by_dev) == {"scsi0", "virtio1", "efidisk0"}
+        assert by_dev["scsi0"] == {
+            "device": "scsi0",
+            "storage": "local-lvm",
+            "size": 32,
+            "format": "raw",
+            "bootable": True,
+        }
+        assert by_dev["virtio1"]["size"] == 0  # 512M rounds down to 0 GB
+        assert by_dev["virtio1"]["bootable"] is False
+
+    def test_nics(self, cfg):
+        assert cfg["nics"] == [
+            {
+                "device": "net0",
+                "mac": "BC:24:11:AA:BB:CC",
+                "model": "virtio",
+                "bridge": "vmbr0",
+                "vlan_id": 10,
+            },
+            {
+                "device": "net1",
+                "mac": "BC:24:11:AA:BB:DD",
+                "model": "e1000",
+                "bridge": "vmbr1",
+                "vlan_id": 0,
+            },
+        ]
+
+    def test_hardware_details(self, cfg):
+        assert cfg["cpu_type"] == "host"
+        assert cfg["sockets"] == 2
+        assert cfg["cores_per_socket"] == 2
+        assert cfg["firmware"] == "efi"
+        assert cfg["machine"] == "q35"
+
+    def test_passthrough(self, cfg):
+        assert cfg["passthrough"] == [
+            {"slot": "hostpci0", "kind": "pci", "config": "0000:01:00.0,pcie=1"},
+            {"slot": "usb0", "kind": "usb", "config": "host=1234:5678"},
+        ]
+
+    def test_defaults_for_a_bare_config(self):
+        cfg = parse_vm_config("101", "vm", {})
+        assert cfg["name"] == "vm-101"
+        assert cfg["vcpus"] == 1
+        assert cfg["cpu_type"] == "kvm64"
+        assert cfg["firmware"] == "bios"
+        assert "machine" not in cfg
+        assert cfg["boot_order"] == []
+
+    def test_legacy_bootdisk(self):
+        cfg = parse_vm_config("101", "vm", {"boot": "cdn", "bootdisk": "scsi0"})
+        assert cfg["boot_order"] == ["scsi0"]
+
+
+class TestParseLxcConfig:
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def cfg(self):
+        return parse_vm_config("200", "container", LXC_CONFIG)
+
+    def test_core_fields(self, cfg):
+        assert cfg["name"] == "dns01"
+        assert cfg["vcpus"] == 1
+        assert cfg["memory"] == 512
+        assert cfg["tags"] == []
+
+    def test_rootfs_and_mountpoint(self, cfg):
+        assert [(d["device"], d["storage"], d["size"]) for d in cfg["disks"]] == [
+            ("rootfs", "local-lvm", 8),
+            ("mp0", "tank", 1024),
+        ]
+
+    def test_veth_nic(self, cfg):
+        assert cfg["nics"] == [
+            {
+                "device": "net0",
+                "mac": "BC:24:11:00:00:01",
+                "model": "veth",
+                "bridge": "vmbr0",
+                "vlan_id": 20,
+            }
+        ]
+
+    def test_no_vm_only_hardware_fields(self, cfg):
+        assert "firmware" not in cfg
+        assert "sockets" not in cfg
+
+
+class TestGetVmConfig:
+    def test_fetches_the_right_config(self, driver, api):
+        api.lxc.return_value.config.get.return_value = LXC_CONFIG
+        cfg = driver.get_vm_config("dns01")
+        assert cfg["vmid"] == "200"
+        assert cfg["name"] == "dns01"

tests/test_vm_import_download.py

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+"""Tests for provisioning through a storage with content type "import".
+
+Proxmox (8.2+) can download a disk image into such a storage itself
+(``download-url``, with checksum verification) and attach it to a VM with
+``import-from``. When the node has one, provisioning uses it instead of
+downloading over SSH into the node's root filesystem.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+from napalm_proxmox.vm_provision_mixin import (
+    ProxmoxVMProvisionMixin,
+    _import_volume_name,
+)
+
+_UBUNTU = (
+    "https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/releases/26.04/release/ubuntu-26.04-server-cloudimg-amd64.img"
+)
+_DEBIAN = "https://cloud.debian.org/images/cloud/bookworm/latest/debian-12-genericcloud-amd64.qcow2"
+
+
+def _mixin_with_storages(storages: list[dict]) -> tuple[ProxmoxVMProvisionMixin, MagicMock]:
+    mixin = ProxmoxVMProvisionMixin()
+    mixin._node_name = "pve1"
+    node = MagicMock()
+    node.storage.get.return_value = storages
+    mixin._node_api = MagicMock(return_value=node)
+    return mixin, node
+
+
+# ── which storage ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def test_find_import_storage_picks_a_storage_that_accepts_import():
+    mixin, _ = _mixin_with_storages(
+        [
+            {"storage": "local", "content": "iso,backup,vztmpl,snippets"},
+            {"storage": "software", "content": "import,iso", "active": 1},
+        ]
+    )
+    assert mixin._find_import_storage() == "software"
+
+
+def test_find_import_storage_does_not_mistake_images_for_import():
+    mixin, _ = _mixin_with_storages([{"storage": "local-zfs", "content": "images,rootdir"}])
+    assert mixin._find_import_storage() is None
+
+
+def test_find_import_storage_skips_disabled_and_inactive_storages():
+    """An inactive storage is typically an unmounted share; Proxmox cannot
+    download into it, and the SSH path still works without it."""
+    mixin, _ = _mixin_with_storages(
+        [
+            {"storage": "off", "content": "import", "enabled": 0},
+            {"storage": "unmounted", "content": "import", "active": 0},
+        ]
+    )
+    assert mixin._find_import_storage() is None
+
+
+# ── what the file is called ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def test_import_volume_name_keeps_a_qcow2_extension():
+    name = _import_volume_name(_DEBIAN)
+    assert name is not None
+    assert name.endswith("-debian-12-genericcloud-amd64.qcow2")
+
+
+def test_import_volume_name_stores_an_img_as_qcow2():
+    """Proxmox reads the format off the extension and does not accept .img.
+    Ubuntu's .img is qcow2; guessing qcow2 for a raw .img fails loudly at
+    import, while the opposite guess would import a qcow2 container as a raw
+    disk without complaint."""
+    name = _import_volume_name(_UBUNTU)
+    assert name is not None
+    assert name.endswith("-ubuntu-26.04-server-cloudimg-amd64.qcow2")
+
+
+def test_import_volume_name_is_none_for_types_proxmox_cannot_import():
+    assert _import_volume_name("https://example.org/image.qcow2.xz") is None
+    assert _import_volume_name("https://example.org/installer.iso") is None
+    assert _import_volume_name("https://example.org/noextension") is None
+
+
+def test_import_volume_name_differs_for_the_same_basename_under_another_url():
+    """Ubuntu publishes daily builds under one basename; a cache keyed on the
+    basename alone would serve yesterday's build."""
+    a = _import_volume_name("https://x/release-20260927/ubuntu-26.04-server-cloudimg-amd64.img")
+    b = _import_volume_name("https://x/release-20260928/ubuntu-26.04-server-cloudimg-amd64.img")
+    assert a != b
+
+
+def test_import_volume_name_uses_only_characters_proxmox_keeps():
+    name = _import_volume_name("https://x/My Image (beta)+1.qcow2")
+    assert name is not None
+    assert all(c.isalnum() or c in "-.+=_" for c in name)
+
+
+# ── the download ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def test_import_cloud_image_reuses_a_file_already_in_the_storage():
+    mixin, node = _mixin_with_storages([])
+    name = _import_volume_name(_DEBIAN)
+    node.storage.return_value.content.get.return_value = [
+        {"volid": f"software:import/{name}", "content": "import"}
+    ]
+
+    volid = mixin._import_cloud_image("software", name, _DEBIAN, None, timeout=300)
+
+    assert volid == f"software:import/{name}"
+    node.storage.return_value.return_value.post.assert_not_called()
+
+
+def test_import_cloud_image_has_proxmox_download_and_verify_it():
+    mixin, node = _mixin_with_storages([])
+    name = _import_volume_name(_UBUNTU)
+    node.storage.return_value.content.get.return_value = []
+    download = node.storage.return_value.return_value
+    download.post.return_value = "UPID:pve1:download"
+    mixin._wait_for_task = MagicMock()
+
+    volid = mixin._import_cloud_image("software", name, _UBUNTU, "sha256:abc123", timeout=300)
+
+    assert volid == f"software:import/{name}"
+    node.storage.assert_any_call("software")
+    node.storage.return_value.assert_called_with("download-url")
+    download.post.assert_called_once_with(
+        url=_UBUNTU,
+        content="import",
+        filename=name,
+        checksum="abc123",
+        **{"checksum-algorithm": "sha256"},
+    )
+    mixin._wait_for_task.assert_called_once_with("UPID:pve1:download", timeout=300)
+
+
+def test_import_cloud_image_without_checksum_sends_none():
+    mixin, node = _mixin_with_storages([])
+    name = _import_volume_name(_DEBIAN)
+    node.storage.return_value.content.get.return_value = []
+    mixin._wait_for_task = MagicMock()
+
+    mixin._import_cloud_image("software", name, _DEBIAN, None, timeout=300)
+
+    kwargs = node.storage.return_value.return_value.post.call_args.kwargs
+    assert "checksum" not in kwargs
+    assert "checksum-algorithm" not in kwargs
+
+
+# ── provisioning end to end ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def _provisioning_mixin(storages: list[dict]) -> tuple[ProxmoxVMProvisionMixin, MagicMock]:
+    mixin, node = _mixin_with_storages(storages)
+    api = MagicMock()
+    api.cluster.nextid.get.return_value = 101
+    api.storage.return_value.get.return_value = {"path": "/var/lib/vz"}
+    mixin._api = api
+    mixin._run_node_command = MagicMock(return_value="")
+    mixin._download_cloud_image = MagicMock(return_value="/var/lib/vz/template/x.qcow2")
+    vm = MagicMock()
+    node.qemu.return_value = vm
+    vm.config.get.return_value = {"unused0": "local-zfs:vm-101-disk-0"}
+    vm.config.post.return_value = None
+    node.tasks.return_value.status.get.return_value = {"status": "stopped", "exitstatus": "OK"}
+    node.storage.return_value.content.get.return_value = []
+    return mixin, node
+
+
+def _provision(mixin: ProxmoxVMProvisionMixin, image_url: str) -> None:
+    with patch("time.sleep"):
+        mixin.create_vm_from_cloud_init(
+            name="vm",
+            image_url=image_url,
+            cpu=1,
+            memory=1024,
+            nics=[{"bridge": "vmbr0"}],
+            cloud_init_config={"hostname": "vm"},
+            storage="local-zfs",
+            timeout=60,
+        )
+
+
+_WITH_IMPORT = [
+    {"storage": "local", "content": "iso,backup,vztmpl,snippets"},
+    {"storage": "software", "content": "import,iso"},
+    {"storage": "local-zfs", "content": "images,rootdir"},
+]
+
+
+def test_provisioning_downloads_through_the_import_storage_when_there_is_one():
+    mixin, node = _provisioning_mixin(_WITH_IMPORT)
+    name = _import_volume_name(_UBUNTU)
+
+    _provision(mixin, _UBUNTU)
+
+    mixin._download_cloud_image.assert_not_called()
+    assert not any("importdisk" in c.args[0] for c in mixin._run_node_command.call_args_list), (
+        "no SSH download/import when Proxmox can do it"
+    )
+    disk = next(
+        c.kwargs for c in node.qemu.return_value.config.post.call_args_list if "scsi0" in c.kwargs
+    )
+    assert disk["scsi0"] == f"local-zfs:0,import-from=software:import/{name},discard=on"
+    assert disk["boot"] == "order=scsi0"
+
+
+def test_provisioning_waits_for_the_import_task():
+    """Attaching with import-from copies the image — a task, which has to
+    finish before the cloud-init drive and the resize touch the VM."""
+    mixin, node = _provisioning_mixin(_WITH_IMPORT)
+    node.qemu.return_value.config.post.side_effect = lambda **kw: (
+        "UPID:pve1:import" if "scsi0" in kw else None
+    )
+    mixin._wait_for_task = MagicMock()
+
+    _provision(mixin, _DEBIAN)
+
+    waited = [c.args[0] for c in mixin._wait_for_task.call_args_list]
+    assert "UPID:pve1:import" in waited
+
+
+def test_provisioning_falls_back_to_ssh_without_an_import_storage():
+    mixin, _ = _provisioning_mixin([s for s in _WITH_IMPORT if s["storage"] != "software"])
+
+    _provision(mixin, _UBUNTU)
+
+    mixin._download_cloud_image.assert_called_once()
+    assert any("qm importdisk 101" in c.args[0] for c in mixin._run_node_command.call_args_list)
+
+
+def test_provisioning_falls_back_to_ssh_for_an_image_type_proxmox_cannot_import():
+    mixin, _ = _provisioning_mixin(_WITH_IMPORT)
+
+    _provision(mixin, "https://example.org/image.qcow2.xz")
+
+    mixin._download_cloud_image.assert_called_once()

tests/test_vm_snapshots.py

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+"""HypervisorDriver snapshot methods on Proxmox (QEMU and LXC)."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+
+import pytest
+
+SNAPSHOTS = [
+    {"name": "base", "description": "clean install", "snaptime": 1700000000, "vmstate": 0},
+    {"name": "upgrade", "description": "", "snaptime": 1700000100, "parent": "base", "vmstate": 1},
+    {"name": "current", "description": "You are here!", "parent": "upgrade", "running": 1},
+]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def api(driver):
+    node = driver._node_api()
+    node.qemu.get.return_value = [{"vmid": 100, "name": "web01"}]
+    node.lxc.get.return_value = [{"vmid": 200, "name": "dns01"}]
+    node.qemu.return_value.snapshot.get.return_value = SNAPSHOTS
+    driver._wait_for_task = MagicMock()
+    return node
+
+
+class TestList:
+    def test_flattens_and_skips_the_current_marker(self, driver, api):
+        assert driver.get_vm_snapshots("web01") == [
+            {
+                "name": "base",
+                "vm": "web01",
+                "created": 1700000000.0,
+                "description": "clean install",
+                "has_memory": False,
+                "parent": "",
+            },
+            {
+                "name": "upgrade",
+                "vm": "web01",
+                "created": 1700000100.0,
+                "description": "",
+                "has_memory": True,
+                "parent": "base",
+            },
+        ]
+
+    def test_unknown_vm(self, driver, api):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            driver.get_vm_snapshots("nope")
+
+
+class TestCreate:
+    def test_vm_with_memory(self, driver, api):
+        api.qemu.return_value.snapshot.post.return_value = "UPID:snap"
+        driver.create_vm_snapshot("100", "pre", description="d", include_memory=True)
+        api.qemu.return_value.snapshot.post.assert_called_once_with(
+            snapname="pre", description="d", vmstate=1
+        )
+        driver._wait_for_task.assert_called_once_with("UPID:snap", timeout=600)
+
+    def test_container_never_saves_memory(self, driver, api):
+        api.lxc.return_value.snapshot.get.return_value = []
+        driver.create_vm_snapshot("200", "pre", include_memory=True)
+        api.lxc.return_value.snapshot.post.assert_called_once_with(snapname="pre", description="")
+
+    def test_duplicate_name(self, driver, api):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="already"):
+            driver.create_vm_snapshot("web01", "base")
+
+    def test_api_refusal(self, driver, api):
+        api.qemu.return_value.snapshot.post.side_effect = Exception(
+            "snapshot feature is not available"
+        )
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="not available"):
+            driver.create_vm_snapshot("web01", "new")
+
+
+class TestDeleteAndRollback:
+    def test_delete(self, driver, api):
+        driver.delete_vm_snapshot("web01", "base")
+        api.qemu.return_value.snapshot.assert_called_with("base")
+        api.qemu.return_value.snapshot.return_value.delete.assert_called_once_with()
+
+    def test_rollback(self, driver, api):
+        driver.rollback_vm_snapshot("web01", "upgrade")
+        api.qemu.return_value.snapshot.return_value.rollback.post.assert_called_once_with()
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize("method", ["delete_vm_snapshot", "rollback_vm_snapshot"])
+    def test_unknown_snapshot(self, driver, api, method):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="no snapshot"):
+            getattr(driver, method)("web01", "nope")
+
+    def test_current_is_not_a_snapshot(self, driver, api):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            driver.rollback_vm_snapshot("web01", "current")